Frequency Multiplied Backward Wave Oscillators:

These generators are based on high power, low frequency BWOs combined with frequency multipliers. For example, QS1-370-T combines a BWO operating in 210-370 GHz range with a frequency tripler, extending operating frequency to 630-1100 GHz range. Using a combination of different multipliers, operating range of QS2-180 BWO can be extended from 100-180 GHz to 100-1500 GHz. Output power of these devices decreases from 10-100 mW in 100-370 GHz range to 0.1-1 mW in 400-1100 GHz range and 0.01-0.05 at frequencies above 1100 GHz, but it remains well above detection limits of sensitive THz detectors.

The frequency multipliers are very compact devices base on Schottky diodes. The multipliers are attached to BWO output via impedance matched waveguide adapters, enabling easy transition from one spectral range to another.

Air Cooled Generator's
Model #	Tuning Range	Output Power
QS2-350	100 - 180 GHz 200 - 350 GHz	1 - 20 mW 1 - 4 mW
QS2-500	100 - 180 GHz 200 - 350 GHz 300 - 500 GHz	1 - 20 mW 1 - 4 mW 0.5 - 2mW
QS2-1000	100 - 180 GHz 200 - 350 GHz 300 - 500 GHz 600 - 1000 GHz	1 - 80 mW 1 - 4 mW 0.5 - 2 mW 20 - 100 µW
QS2-1500	100 - 180 GHz 200 - 350 GHz 300 - 500 GHz 600 1000 GHz 1100 - 1500 GHz	1 - 80 mW 1 - 4 mW 0.5 - 2 mW 20 - 100 µW 1 - 5µW
Spectra of QS1-260-2100 based on an ov-24 BWO combined with a set of frequency multipliers
Water Cooled Generator's
QS1-260-T	160 - 260 GHz and 480 - 780 GHz	3 - 30 mW and 0.1 - 0.3 mW
QS1-260-520 NEW	155 - 260 GHz and 310 - 520 GHz	up to 100 mW up to 3 mW
QS1-260-750NEW	155 - 260 GHz 310 - 520 GHz 550 - 750 GHz	up to 100 mW up to 3 mW up to 1 mW
QS1-260-1550 NEW	155 - 260 GHz 310 - 520 GHz 550 - 750 GHz 1.0 - 1.55 THz	up to 100 mW up to 3 mW up to 1 mW up to 25 µW
QS1-260-2100 NEW	155 - 260 GHz 310 - 520 GHz 550 - 750 GHz 1.0 - 1.55 THz 1.7 - 2.1 THz	up to 100 mW up to 3 mW up to 1 mW up to 25 µW up to 5 µW
QS1-260-DT NEW	155 - 260 GHz 310 - 520 GHz 1000 - 1150 GHz	up to 100 mW up to 3 mW up to .25 mW
QS1-260-TT NEW	160 - 260 GHz and 480 - 780 GHz and 1.7 - 2.1 THz	up to 100 mW up to 1 mW up to 5 µW
QS1-370-T	210 - 370 GHz and 630 - 1100 GHz	1 - 10 mW and 0.1 - 0.3 mW
QS1-710-TNEW	530 - 710 GHz and 1800 - 2100 GHz	up to 5 mW and up to 0.025 mW

Backward Wave Oscillators (BWO's):

• High power: 1 - 100 mW
• Narrow spectral line-width: 1 - 10 MHz
• Wide spectral range: 0.035 - 1.42 THz

BWOs are electro-vacuum diodes, where THz emission is generated by electrons decelerating in a periodic electric field. BWO emission wavelength is tuned by a voltage applied to one of the electrodes (cathode). Tables below show tuning ranges for a number of different BWOs.

BWO Power Supplies:

VR-series power supplies provide for highly stabilized cathode voltage ranging from 0 to 6000 V, as well as BWO grid and heater voltages.

The software package (“EPSILON”) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC-16) enable user-friendly control of the system via RS-232 or GPIB interfaces.

BWO Magnets:

The MS-X.X magnetic systems are designed to house high frequency BWO's operating in the spectral range 0.18 - 1.42 THz. The systems include a permanent magnet with inputs for BWO electrical connections and the water cooling system. The MS-1.2 and MS-1.3 models are also equipped with a 2-axis mechanical rotation stage for centering the BWO in the magnetic field.